E. Thoroughly Bureaucratic Organization

题目连接：

Description

Once n people simultaneously signed in to the reception at the recently opened, but already thoroughly bureaucratic organization (abbreviated TBO). As the organization is thoroughly bureaucratic, it can accept and cater for exactly one person per day. As a consequence, each of n people made an appointment on one of the next n days, and no two persons have an appointment on the same day.

However, the organization workers are very irresponsible about their job, so none of the signed in people was told the exact date of the appointment. The only way to know when people should come is to write some requests to TBO.

The request form consists of m empty lines. Into each of these lines the name of a signed in person can be written (it can be left blank as well). Writing a person's name in the same form twice is forbidden, such requests are ignored. TBO responds very quickly to written requests, but the reply format is of very poor quality — that is, the response contains the correct appointment dates for all people from the request form, but the dates are in completely random order. Responds to all requests arrive simultaneously at the end of the day (each response specifies the request that it answers).

Fortunately, you aren't among these n lucky guys. As an observer, you have the following task — given n and m, determine the minimum number of requests to submit to TBO to clearly determine the appointment date for each person.

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Each of the following t lines contains two integers n and m (1 ≤ n, m ≤ 109) — the number of people who have got an appointment at TBO and the number of empty lines in the request form, correspondingly.

Output

Print t lines, each containing an answer for the corresponding test case (in the order they are given in the input) — the minimum number of requests to submit to TBO.

Sample Input

5

4 1

4 2

7 3

1 1

42 7

Sample Output

3

2

3

0

11

Hint

题意

有n个人，每个人都有一个编号，编号都是1-n的数，且每个人的编号都不相同

你每次可以申请一个表去询问最多m个不同的人，他们的编号是哪些，但是你不知道编号和这m个人的对应关系

然后问你最少申请多少次，可以清楚知道这n个人的具体编号

题解：

每周一题 题解

div2 智商杯考试

首先这道题正面想比较麻烦。

现在我们假设你知道了MaxN(m,k)，即表示每次最多提及m个问题，我询问k次，最多知道多少个答案和题目对应的这个函数。

那么我直接二分答案就好了

只要解决了MaxN(m,k)，那么原题就解决了。

然后怎么去处理这个呢？

我们这样想，我们一开始有n个k位二进制数，如果在第i轮回答中提及到了第j个问题的话，那么就令第j个二进制数的第i位为1。

分析一下样例一，n = 4，k = 2,m = 2的情况：

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 0

可以看到第一个问题的序列是11，第二个问题的序列是01，第三个是10，第四个是00

由于这些二进制数都不一样，因此你能分辨出来。

只要我们最后的n个k位二进制数全部不一样，你就能分辨。

这个证明也很简单，如果有两个二进制数相同的话，那么肯定就可以交换着两个的问题的对应关系了。

那么我们怎么去询问，才能使得1的个数尽量少，且问的问题多呢？

贪心。

C(k,0)个问题，我不提及;C(k,1)个问题，我就只提及一次;C(k,2)个问题，我提及两次........C(k,r)个问题，我提及r次。

这样，最后的矩阵构造是这样的：

0 1 0 0 1 1 ... 1

0 0 1 0 1 0 ... 1

0 0 0 1 0 1 ... 1

. . . . . . ... 1

. . . . . . ... 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 1

然后最后再Check一下整个矩阵的1的个数是否超过k*m，。

于是，这道题就解决了！

有人问，为什么我们只用check总共1的个数是否超过k*m，而不去check每一行的1的个数是否超过m。

其实你去check两个也是可以的，这个复杂度在本题也是可以接受的。

但是为什么呢？

证明如下：

假设我们满足总共1的个数不超过k*m,但是存在某一些位的1的个数超过了m。

那么必然存在一些位的1的个数少于m。

我们选择其中一个超过m的位X，选择其中一个少于m的位Y。

然后我们再从n个串中找到x个在X位为1，Y位为0的串，找到y个在X位中为0，Y位中为1的串。

也是显然知道x>y。

对于x个串，我们都将第X位置成0，Y位置成1，显然这x个串仍然都是各不相同的，且最多在y串中找到一个和他相同的。

因为x>y，所以肯定能够找到一个串是在y串没有与之对应的，那么我们只要变这个串就好了。

这样我们就得到了，X位置的1的总数-1，Y位置的1的总数+1了。

所以只要满足总共1的个数不要超过k*m就好了。

代码

#include 
    
     #define LL long longusing namespace std;int T, n, m;inline bool ok(LL k){    LL t = k * m, cnt = 1, tmp = 1;    for (LL i = 1; i <= k; i++){        tmp = tmp * (k - i + 1) / i;        if (i <= t / tmp) t -= i * tmp, cnt += tmp;        else{cnt += t / i; break;}    }    return cnt >= n;}inline LL calc(){    LL l = 0, r = n;    while (l < r){        LL mid = (l + r) >> 1;        if (ok(mid)) r = mid; else l = mid + 1;    }    return r;}int main(){    for (scanf("%d", &T); T--;){        scanf("%d%d", &n, &m);        if (m + m > n) m = n / 2;        printf("%I64d\n", calc());    }}